Linux Basic Knowledge


 1. History of Unix
Linux is a sterling pedigree as a child of UNIX. In the 1960, AT&T, Bell labs partnered with the MIT (Massachusetts institute of Technology) and general electronic in developing a multi user operating system known as MULTICS. Two Bell labs researcher Dennis Ritchie and Ken Thompson worked on this project until Bell labs withdrew from this project. Bell labs withdrew from the project they determine to resolve this by re-hosting space travel to run a little used PDP-7 computer. This new project requires them to implement a new operating system for the PDP-7 which they called UNICS. They somehow eventually changed the name of the operating system to UNIX. One of the unique features of UNIX was that Ritchie and Thompson had implemented its using new programming language "C". Implementing UNIX in C made it possible to port UNIX to other computer more easily than previous operating system. Which were usually written in assembly language. UNIX was widely distributed especially to universities, computer scientists and student the world even studied UNIX, found ways to improve it and sent their code back to Ritchie and Thompson. UNIX rapidly grew and improved.
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2. History of Linux
 Universities used UNIX for teaching computer science student about the operating system. When AT&T asserted its proprietary claim to UNIX. University need to replacement. Andrew Tannenbaum (Computer scientist, Professor Andy Tanenbaum of Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam) created a UNIX-like operating system called MINIX.
In the 1990 finishing computer science student Linus Torvalds began work on a memory manager for Intel Architecture PC. At some point he realized that his work could be extended to operate as a UNIX kernel. In August 1991 he posted his work-in progress to the internet newsgroup Comp.os.minix. Torvalds called his operating system kernel Linux, for Linus's MINIX. UNIX programmer offered help in developing Linux. Because Stallman's GNU project had completed almost all of the component need for its UNIX like operating system. In 1994 about three years after Torvalds posting 1.0 was released under the term of GPL.
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3. Difference Between Linux and Unix
Attributes
Linux
Unix
What is it?
Linux is an example of Open Source software development and Free Operating System (OS).
Unix is an operating system that is very popular in universities, companies, big enterprises etc.
Manufacturer
Linux kernel is developed by the community. Linus Torvalds oversees things.
Three bigest distributions are Solaris (Oracle), AIX (IBM) & HP-UX Hewlett Packard. And Apple Makes OSX, an Unix based OS..
Price
Free but support is available for a price.
Three bigest distributions are Solaris (Oracle), AIX (IBM) & HP-UX Hewlett Packard. And Apple Makes OSX, an Unix based OS..
Processors
Dozens of different kinds.
x86/x64, Sparc, Power, Itanium, PA-RISC, PowerPC and many others.
GUI
Linux typically provides two GUIs, KDE and Gnome. But Linux GUI is optional.
Initially Unix was a command based OS, but later a GUI was created called Common Desktop Environment. Most distributions now ship with Gnome
File system support
Ext2, Ext3, Ext4, Jfs, ReiserFS, Xfs, Btrfs, FAT, FAT32, NTFS
jfs, gpfs, hfs, hfs+, ufs, xfs, zfs format
Text mode interface
BASH (Bourne Again SHell) is the Linux default shell. It can support multiple command interpreters.
Originally the Bourne Shell. Now it's compatible with many others including BASH, Korn & C.
Security
Linux has had about 60-100 viruses listed till date. None of them actively spreading nowadays.
A rough estimate of UNIX viruses is between 85 -120 viruses reported till date.
Examples
Ubuntu,,Red Hat,etc.
OS X, Solaris, All Linux



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4.Difference Between Linux and Windows
Attributes
Linux
Windows
What is it?
Linux is an example of Open Source software development and Free Operating System (OS).
Windows is the family of operating system (OS) from Microsoft, which is the most famous OS in the world.
Cost
Linux can be freely distributed.
For desktop or home use, Windows can be expensive.
Price


Processors
Dozens of different kinds.
Intel and AMD, but WinCE runs on some additional processors. (see: WinCE)
GUI
Linux typically provides two GUIs, KDE and Gnome. But Linux GUI is optional.
The Windows GUI is an integral component of the OS and it is mainly influenced by Apple Macintosh OS and Xerox.
File system support
Ext2, Ext3, Ext4, Jfs, ReiserFS, Xfs, Btrfs, FAT, FAT32, NTFS
FAT, FAT32, NTFS,
Text mode interface
BASH (Bourne Again SHell) is the Linux default shell. It can support multiple command interpreters.
Windows uses a command shell and each version of Windows has a single command interpreter with dos-like commands, recently there is the addition of the optional PowerShell that uses more Unix-like commands.
Security
Linux has had about 60-100 viruses listed till date. None of them actively spreading nowadays.
According to Dr. Nic Peeling and Dr Julian Satchell's “Analysis of the Impact of Open Source Software” there have been more than 60,000 viruses in Windows
Examples
Ubuntu, Fedora, Red Hat, Debian, Archlinux, Android etc.
Win-98,Win-2000,Win-2007,Win-8,etc.



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5.GNU Project
In the 1980 AT&T began to recognize the commercial value of UNIX. They asserted proprietary rights to it and began charging a substantial license free. The MIT researcher Richard Stallman launched the GNU project which focused on creating a UNIX-like operating system that could be freely distributed in supports of GNU Stallman and other created the Free Software Foundation in 1984. The FSF promotes free software but free software is not necessarily cost free software the FSF intends the word free in the séance of Freedom. Free software is the software with which you can do the following:
1. Use of any purpose 2. Study to learn how to works and adapts to meet your need. 3. Copy and redistribute. 4. Distribute as part of an improved software system. GNU GPL (General Public License) The GPL is a form of copyright known as copy left. Design to protect not preclude-right to use, study, and copy and redistribute software. The GPL provides that a user has the right to use a software program as long as the user does not attempt to impair other rights to use it.
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6. What is User, Shell, Kernel, Hardware.
User- The means by which the user and a computer system interact, in particular the use of input devices and software.
Shell-
Shell is an interface between user and kernel. Shell interprets your input as commands and pass them and pass
them to kernel ( C Shell, Sh, K Shell, Bash).
Kernel-
Kernel is a main program of Linux system .It controls hard wares, CPU,memory, hard disk, network card etc. The kernel is the heart of the Linux operating system. It manages the resources of Linux such as: File management Multitasking Memory management I/O management Process management Device management Networking support including IPv4 and IPv6 The kernel decides who will use these resources and for how long and when. It runs your programs or sets up to execute binary files. The kernel acts as an intermediary between the computer hardware and various applications.
Hardware- 
Computer hardware is the collection of physical elements that constitute a computer system. Computer hardware refers to the physical parts or components of a computer such as monitor, keyboard, Computer data storage, hard drive disk, mouse, CPU (graphic cards, sound cards, memory, motherboard and chips), etc.
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7. Features and Principal of Linux OS
Feature-:
1- virus free
2- more stable, no "blue screen of death"
3- not an extreme memory hog
 4- can run on a very simple system
5- 99.99999% of the software for linux is free and open source, including the OS.
6- more secure
7- very easy to tweak
8- everything you can do on windows, i can do on linux, faster, better, and... FREE
9- Unix is something developed in 1969 for multi processor systems (more than one user using the same computer).
10- Unix can't operate on a x86 based computer. Linux will work on x86, AND supercomputers.

Principle-:

1- Everything is a file (Including hardware) You can secure access to hardware in the same way as you secure access to a document.
 2- Small-single-purpose program Linux provides many small utilities that perform one task very well. When new functionality is required the general philosophy is to create a separate program.
 3- Ability to chain program together to perform complex task The core design to UNIX is that the output of one program can be input for another program.
 4- Avoid captive user interface Most-command expects their option and argument to be type on the command line when the command is lunched.
 5- Configuration data store in text Text is a universal interface. UNIX utilities exist to manipulate text; storing configuration in text allows a configuration from one system to another system. 


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