Linux is a sterling pedigree as a child of UNIX. In the 1960, AT&T, Bell labs partnered with the MIT (Massachusetts institute of Technology) and general electronic in developing a multi user operating system known as MULTICS. Two Bell labs researcher Dennis Ritchie and Ken Thompson worked on this project until Bell labs withdrew from this project. Bell labs withdrew from the project they determine to resolve this by re-hosting space travel to run a little used PDP-7 computer. This new project requires them to implement a new operating system for the PDP-7 which they called UNICS. They somehow eventually changed the name of the operating system to UNIX. One of the unique features of UNIX was that Ritchie and Thompson had implemented its using new programming language "C". Implementing UNIX in C made it possible to port UNIX to other computer more easily than previous operating system. Which were usually written in assembly language. UNIX was widely distributed especially to universities, computer scientists and student the world even studied UNIX, found ways to improve it and sent their code back to Ritchie and Thompson. UNIX rapidly grew and improved.
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2. History of Linux
Universities used UNIX for teaching computer science student about the operating system. When AT&T asserted its proprietary claim to UNIX. University need to replacement. Andrew Tannenbaum (Computer scientist, Professor Andy Tanenbaum of Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam) created a UNIX-like operating system called MINIX.
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Attributes
|
Linux
|
Unix
|
What
is it?
|
Linux
is an example of Open Source software development and Free
Operating System (OS).
|
Unix
is an operating system that is very popular in universities,
companies, big enterprises etc.
|
Manufacturer
|
Linux
kernel is developed by the community. Linus Torvalds oversees
things.
|
Three
bigest distributions are Solaris (Oracle), AIX (IBM) & HP-UX
Hewlett Packard. And Apple Makes OSX, an Unix based OS..
|
Price
|
Free
but support is available for a price.
|
Three
bigest distributions are Solaris (Oracle), AIX (IBM) & HP-UX
Hewlett Packard. And Apple Makes OSX, an Unix based OS..
|
Processors
|
Dozens
of different kinds.
|
x86/x64,
Sparc, Power, Itanium, PA-RISC, PowerPC and many others.
|
GUI
|
Linux
typically provides two GUIs, KDE and Gnome. But Linux GUI is
optional.
|
Initially
Unix was a command based OS, but later a GUI was created called
Common Desktop Environment. Most distributions now ship with
Gnome
|
File
system support
|
Ext2,
Ext3, Ext4, Jfs, ReiserFS, Xfs, Btrfs, FAT, FAT32, NTFS
|
jfs,
gpfs, hfs, hfs+, ufs, xfs, zfs format
|
Text
mode interface
|
BASH
(Bourne Again SHell) is the Linux default shell. It can support
multiple command interpreters.
|
Originally
the Bourne Shell. Now it's compatible with many others including
BASH, Korn & C.
|
Security
|
Linux
has had about 60-100 viruses listed till date. None of them
actively spreading nowadays.
|
A
rough estimate of UNIX viruses is between 85 -120 viruses
reported till date.
|
Examples
|
Ubuntu,,Red
Hat,etc.
|
OS
X, Solaris, All Linux
|
Attributes
|
Linux
|
Windows
|
What
is it?
|
Linux
is an example of Open Source software development and Free
Operating System (OS).
|
Windows
is the family of operating system (OS) from Microsoft, which is
the most famous OS in the world.
|
Cost
|
Linux
can be freely distributed.
|
For
desktop or home use, Windows can be expensive.
|
Price
|
||
Processors
|
Dozens
of different kinds.
|
Intel
and AMD, but WinCE runs on some additional processors. (see:
WinCE)
|
GUI
|
Linux
typically provides two GUIs, KDE and Gnome. But Linux GUI is
optional.
|
The
Windows GUI is an integral component of the OS and it is mainly
influenced by Apple Macintosh OS and Xerox.
|
File
system support
|
Ext2,
Ext3, Ext4, Jfs, ReiserFS, Xfs, Btrfs, FAT, FAT32, NTFS
|
FAT,
FAT32, NTFS,
|
Text
mode interface
|
BASH
(Bourne Again SHell) is the Linux default shell. It can support
multiple command interpreters.
|
Windows
uses a command shell and each version of Windows has a single
command interpreter with dos-like commands, recently there is the
addition of the optional PowerShell that uses more Unix-like
commands.
|
Security
|
Linux
has had about 60-100 viruses listed till date. None of them
actively spreading nowadays.
|
According
to Dr. Nic Peeling and Dr Julian Satchell's “Analysis of the
Impact of Open Source Software” there have been more than
60,000 viruses in Windows
|
Examples
|
Ubuntu,
Fedora, Red Hat, Debian, Archlinux, Android etc.
|
Win-98,Win-2000,Win-2007,Win-8,etc.
|
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5.GNU Project
In the 1980 AT&T began to recognize the commercial value of UNIX. They asserted proprietary rights to it and began charging a substantial license free. The MIT researcher Richard Stallman launched the GNU project which focused on creating a UNIX-like operating system that could be freely distributed in supports of GNU Stallman and other created the Free Software Foundation in 1984. The FSF promotes free software but free software is not necessarily cost free software the FSF intends the word free in the séance of Freedom. Free software is the software with which you can do the following:
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6. What is User, Shell, Kernel, Hardware.
User- The means by which the user and a computer system interact, in particular the use of input devices and software.
Shell-
Shell is an interface between user and kernel. Shell interprets your input as commands and pass them and pass
Kernel-
Kernel is a main program of Linux system .It controls hard wares, CPU,memory, hard disk, network card etc. The kernel is the heart of the Linux operating system. It manages the resources of Linux such as: File management Multitasking Memory management I/O management Process management Device management Networking support including IPv4 and IPv6 The kernel decides who will use these resources and for how long and when. It runs your programs or sets up to execute binary files. The kernel acts as an intermediary between the computer hardware and various applications.
Hardware-
Computer hardware is the collection of physical elements that constitute a computer system. Computer hardware refers to the physical parts or components of a computer such as monitor, keyboard, Computer data storage, hard drive disk, mouse, CPU (graphic cards, sound cards, memory, motherboard and chips), etc.
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7. Features and Principal of Linux OS
Feature-:
1- virus free
2- more stable, no "blue screen of death"
3- not an extreme memory hog
4- can run on a very simple system
5- 99.99999% of the software for linux is free and open source, including the OS.
6- more secure
7- very easy to tweak
8- everything you can do on windows, i can do on linux, faster, better, and... FREE
9- Unix is something developed in 1969 for multi processor systems (more than one user using the same computer).
10- Unix can't operate on a x86 based computer. Linux will work on x86, AND supercomputers.
Principle-:
1- Everything is a file (Including hardware) You can secure access to hardware in the same way as you secure access to a document.
2- Small-single-purpose program Linux provides many small utilities that perform one task very well. When new functionality is required the general philosophy is to create a separate program.
3- Ability to chain program together to perform complex task The core design to UNIX is that the output of one program can be input for another program.
4- Avoid captive user interface Most-command expects their option and argument to be type on the command line when the command is lunched.
5- Configuration data store in text Text is a universal interface. UNIX utilities exist to manipulate text; storing configuration in text allows a configuration from one system to another system.
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